Texas House Bill 588 An Impact On The State s Culture,...

In the long history of the United States, Texas is one of the few states that demonstrated three-way segregation including white, black, and Latinos communities. Generally, segregation influenced all dimensions of the society. In specific, former segregation in Texas has left an immeasurable impact on the state’s culture, economy, geography, and education. Despite the fact that institutional desegregation occurred decades ago, segregation of minorities still exists in modern Texas. In particular, the contemporary implementation of Texas House Bill 588 – as known as the â€Å"Top 10 Percent Rule† – indicates the state’s tenacious effort to heal the scars of racial segregation in educational perspective. Practically, the law has not only fostered multiracial public institutions, but also reshaped colleges in a statewide scale. Although the Top 10 Percent Law has only been in effect for approximately two decades, the law signifies historical cases behi nd it. In short, Texas House Bill 588 was an immediate response to a 1996 federal court case (Barr). In 1991, the law school of University of Texas (UT) initiated a controversial admission strategy, which required distinct standards for white students versus minority students, in order to boost diverse enrollment at the school (Barr). Consequently, this affirmative action was soon criticized as unjust reverse discrimination to Anglo students (Barr). In 1996, rejected applicants filed a lawsuit against the UT – Law school, in whichShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focus of cases in the book Introduction to strategy Business environment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectations Social responsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change StrategicRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesRFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure [9.1.3] 9.1.1 Organization charts 1.4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 VirtualRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageson other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were given opportunities to grow and learn, the Bank of Montreal’s Institute of Learning was established at a cost exceeding $50 million. The goal of providing five days of training and education to every employee each year has been met for several years. To focus on performance, each department and every employee have HR managers participate in developing strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. almost 18%Read MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pages This is helping to reduce GSK’s dependency on sales of products generated in ‘white pills/western markets’† . Sales from these markets and products have decreased from 40% in 2007, to 25% in 2010. Over time, this should help to reduce the adverse impact of patent expirations on the Group. Delivering diversiï ¬ ed underlying sales growth In 2010, reported sales fell 1%, impacted by the continued effect of generic competition to Valtrex, the rapid loss of sales of Avandia following regulatory decisions

Project Success And Success Criteria - 1376 Words

2.4 Project Success and Success Criteria The idea of the project success and its criteria has remained vague, due to the wide perspective it carries (Liu and Walker, 1998). Project success has always been seen as an abstract notion, thus it is very complex to determine if a project is a success or not (Chan et al, 2002). Thus, the criteria for measuring the project’s success are normally agreed and accepted by all parties, before beginning the project. Else, it is hard to control the trajectory of the project, with all team members finding it hard to focus in one direction. The Success of the Project management is measured through the three key components – Time, Cost and Quality. The success of the project is typically measured based†¦show more content†¦This combination is very popular by name, The Triple constraint or The Iron Triangle or The Project Management Triangle. Schedule, cost and quality are the three primary variables of a project. When one of these parameters alters, the other two parameters will also change correspondingly. The way the project is delivered within these constraints, it impacts the quality of the project outcome, either positively or negatively. 2.5 Project Work-breakdown Structure In order to plan and properly execute a large project, it must be broken down into smaller levels in an organized manner (Shlomo Globerson, 1994). The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a structured approach of breaking down the project using a deliverable-oriented hierarchical structure, which helps the team to accomplish objectives and deliver per plan. Each descending step of the WBS represents an improved and detailed explanation of the work to be executed (PMBOK 4th edition, 2008). Robert K. Wysocki and Rudd McGary explain that Work-breakdown structure as a hierarchical detail of the work to be completed, as described in the project definition statement. The WBS helps to organize the project scope in a structured manner; this represents the work specified in the project definition statement (PMBOK 4th edition, 2008). The process of breaking down the project scope into activities, tasks and subtasks is called decomposition. Decomposition helps to estimate the project duration, calculate the

Research Paradigm Free Essays

Webster Dictionary defines paradigm as â€Å"an example or pattern: small, self-contained, simplified examples that we use to illustrate procedures, processes, and theoretical points. † The most quoted definition of paradigm is Thomas Kuhn’s (1962, 1970) concept in The Nature of Science Revolution, i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paradigm or any similar topic only for you Order Now paradigm as the underlying assumptions and intellectual structure upon which research and development in a field of inquiry is based. The other definitions in the research literature include: Patton (1990): A paradigm is a world view, a general perspective, a way of breaking down the complexity of the real world. Paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by â€Å"a set of beliefs and feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied. † (Guba, 1990). Denzin and Lincoln (2001) listed three categories of those beliefs: Ontology: what kind of being is the human being. Ontology deals with the question of what is real. Epistemology: what is the relationship between the inquirer and the known: â€Å"epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated† (Gall, Borg, Gall, 1996) Methodology: how do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it? When challenging the assumptions underlying positivism, Lincoln and Guba (2000) also identified two more categories that will distinguish different paradigms, i. e. beliefs in causality and oxiology. The assumptions of causality asserts the position of the nature and possibility of causal relationship; oxiology deals with the issues about value. Specific assumptions about research include the role of value in research, how to avoid value from influencing research, and how best to use research products (Baptiste, 2000). Dill and Romiszowski (1997) stated the functions of paradigms as follows: Define how the world works, how knowledge is extracted from this world, and how one is to think, write, and talk about this knowledge Define the types of questions to be asked and the methodologies to be used in answering Decide what is published and what is not published Structure the world of the academic worker Provide its meaning and its significance Two major philosophical doctrines in the social science inquiry are positivism and postpositivism. The following is a contrast of the research approach that are entailed from these two different philosophical paradigms. Positivism Postpostivism Philosophical Inquiry The physical and social reality is independent of those who observe it Observation of this reality, if unbiased, constitutes scientific knowledge. Behavioral researchers in education and psychology exemplify an approach to scientific inquiry that is grounded in positivist epistemology. Social reality is constructed by the individuals who participate it. It is constructed differently by different individuals. This view of social reality is consistent with the constructivist movement in cognitive psychology, which posts that individuals gradually build their own understandings of the world through experience and maturation. The mind is not tabula rasa (blank slate) upon which knowledge is written. Research Design The inquiry focuses on the determination of the general trends of a defined populations. The features of the social environment retain a high degree of constancy across time and space. Local variations are considered â€Å"noise†Ã‚ · Study of samples and population Generalization: first defining the population of interest, select a representative of the population, the researcher generalizes the findings obtained from studying the sample to the larger population using the statistical techniques to determine the likelihood that sample findings are likely to apply to the population. The scientific inquiry must focus on the study of multiple social realities, i. e. the different realities created by different individuals as they interact in a social environment. Find a ways to get individuals to reveal their constructions of social realities, including the person being studied and the researcher. Reflexivity: focus on the researcher’s self as an integral constructor of the social reality being studied The study of ndividuals’ interpretations of social reality must occur at the local, immediate level. Study of cases: have you learned something about his case that informs us about another cases? Generalization of case study findings must be made on a case-by-case basis. In other words, it is the reader who made the generalization based on his or her own interpretation: The focus is on the transferability instead of generalization. Data Collection and Design. The use of mathematics to represent and analyze features of social reality is consistent with positivist epistemology: a particular feature can be isolated and conceptualized as a variable. The variables can be expressed as a numerical scales. Deductive analysis: identify underlying themes and patterns prior to data collection and searching through the data for instances of them: hypothesis testing Focuses on the study of individual cases and by making â€Å"thick† verbal descriptions of what they observe. Analytic induction: search through data bit by bit and then infers that certain events or statements are instances of the same underlying themes or patterns View of causality A mechanistic causality among social objects Individuals’ interpretation of situations cause them to take certain actions Lincoln and Guba (2000) made the following distinctions between positivist and naturalist inquiries. Positivist Naturalist Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic. Dualism: the knower and the known are independent. The knower and the known are interactive and inseparable. Time and context free generalizationOnly time-and context-bound working hypotheses are possible. Real causes, temporally precedent to or simultaneous with their effects (causal relationship)All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. Inquiry is value free. Inquiry is value bounded. 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